This Science Brief investigates the topic of quantum computing, which leverages the principles of quantum mechanics to perform complex calculations far beyond the reach of classical computers. With qubits capable of operating in multiple states simultaneously, quantum systems promise transformative advances in fields such as cryptography, health, climate modeling, finance, and more. Recent breakthroughs, such as Google’s error-suppressing “Willow” chip and Oxford’s distributed processors, signal accelerating progress, spurring over $50 billion in global investment.
However, the technology remains fragile, costly, and largely unscalable. Most applications are still theoretical, and major physical and software challenges persist. Crucially, access to quantum capabilities is uneven, posing risks of a widening global technological divide and raising serious ethical, security, and human rights concerns.
In response, the Science Brief argues that multilateral engagement is vital. The UN General Assembly has declared 2025 the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology, with UNESCO coordinating efforts to promote inclusive development and responsible governance of quantum systems. The Scientific Advisory Board recommends proactive international collaboration to set norms, mitigate risks, and ensure that quantum computing advances equitably support global development, sustainability, and security.
